Phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of functional herbal drink from Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) fruits containing spices and condiments

Functional beverages originate primarily from fruits and vegetables sources, but also include those from other plants such as tea, coffee, cocoa, soybean as well as animal products like milk and dairy-based and alcoholic drinks. They have definite medical or health benefits which include prevention or delaying the progress of diseases. Indian gooseberry is a very rich source of vitamin C and phenolics, two potent antioxidant compounds. Similarly curcumin in turmeric, piperine in black pepper and gingerol in ginger have proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Incidence of covid-19 pandemic has raised awareness among people the importance of maintaining higher levels of immunity. A study was undertaken at Kerala Agricultural University during 2020–21 to develop an herbal functional drink from Indian gooseberry fruit juice incorporated with turmeric and black pepper powders, ginger juice extract and juice of acid lime fruits. The herbal drink formulated with these ingredients was homogenized at an operating pressure of 175 Bar with a speed of 235 SPM and was subsequently pasteurized at 100 0 C for 10 minutes in glass bottles, followed by storage under refrigerated conditions at 5 ± 2 0 C for 3 months. The initial ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and total curcumin contents were 61.0 mg100g− 1, 184.0 mg100g− 1, 153.0 mg100g− 1, 119.98 mg100g− 1 and 31.0 mg100g− 1, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the herbal drink was determined by three assays, viz. ABTS, DDPH and FRAP. The initial IC 50 values of the herbal drink by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays were 8.64, 0.212 and 0.368 μgml− 1, respectively. Significant decline in ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and curcumin content were recorded in the product during storage in contrast to the total phenolics content which showed a significant rise over the storage period. Antioxidant activity of the herbal drink determined by all the three assays also declined significantly throughout the storage period. The results indicate that the product can be promoted as a healthy drink which has to be stored at low temperature in order to retain higher levels of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity. Graphical : [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s).

Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Systems: Roles, Advantages and Disadvantages

Nanotechnology is a new and rapidly evolving subject in the pharmacological and therapeutic professions. Nanoparticles have many advantages as medication delivery systems, including increased efficacy and fewer adverse drug reactions. This study investigated the roles of nanomedicine and drug delivery systems in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology. The study used a qualitative research technique, with online survey questionnaires sent to medical professionals and experts in the field of nanomedicine. These surveys comprised open-ended questions that enabled respondents to record their responses in whatever way they deemed fit. The ten respondents were from a variety of medical and health institutes, as well as medical consulting firms. In terms of results, the research established that nanomedicine had been used in medical care for therapy and diagnostic purposes. They are being explored in clinical trials for several reasons. Nanoparticles are used to treat renal disease, Tuberculosis, skin problems, Alzheimer's disease, and various types of cancer and to create COVID-19 vaccines. Further information about the study findings may be found in the results and discussion chapter.Copyright © 2022 Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Pomegranate peel polyphenols prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 main protease by in-silico docking and molecular dynamics study.

Pomegranate peel, the waste product generated from pomegranate fruit, has prophylactic properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-malarial, and controls respiratory infections and influenza. Based on the previous literature and need of the hour, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of major pomegranate peel polyphenols against COVID-19. Among the 44 studied compounds, 37 polyphenols show interaction with the catalytic dyad of the Mpro protease and 18 polyphenols have a higher binding affinity than that of the Mpro protease inhibitor (N3), indicating their high probability of binding at ACE2: SARS-CoV-2 interface. Furthermore, several polyphenols studied in this work are found to have higher binding affinity as compared to those of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, nelfinavir, and curcumin, some of which have been earlier tested against COVID-19. Further, molecular dynamics simulations (200 ns) for Mpro-polyphenols including pelargonidin3-glucoside, quercetin3-O-rhamnoside, cyanidin3-glucoside and punicalin revealed highly stable complexes with less conformational fluctuations and similar degree of compactness. Estimation of total number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and binding free energy confirmed the stability of these Mpro-polyphenol complexes over Mpro-curcumin complex. Based on the greater binding affinity of polyphenols of pomegranate peel towards Mpro as compared to that of curcumin, pomegranate peel may be considered in any herbal medicinal formulation or may be incorporated into daily diets for prevention of COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Potential of plant extracts in targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease: an in vitro and in silico study.

The deaths caused by the covid-19 pandemic have recently decreased due to a worldwide effort in vaccination campaigns. However, even vaccinated people can develop a severe form of the disease that requires ICU admission. As a result, the search for antiviral drugs to treat these severe cases has become a necessity. In this context, natural products are an interesting alternative to synthetic medicines used in drug repositioning, as they have been consumed for a long time through traditional medicine. Many natural compounds found in plant extracts have already been shown to be effective in treating viral and bacterial diseases, making them possible hits to exploit against covid-19. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antiviral activity of different plant extracts available in the library of natural products of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá, by inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), and by preventing viral infection in a cellular model. As a result, the extract of Cytinus hypocistis, obtained by ultrasound, showed a Mpro inhibition capacity greater than 90%. In the infection model assays using Vero cells, an inhibition of 99.6% was observed, with a selectivity index of 42.7. The in silico molecular docking simulations using the extract compounds against Mpro, suggested Tellimagrandin II as the component of C. hypocistis extract most likely to inhibit the viral enzyme. These results demonstrate the potential of C. hypocistis extract as a promising source of natural compounds with antiviral activity against covid-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral tannin supplementation on COVID-19 symptoms, gut dysbiosis and cytokine response.

The clinical study aim was to investigate whether a tannin-based dietary supplementation could improve the efficacy of standard-of-care treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients by restoring gut microbiota function. Adverse events and immunomodulation post-tannin supplementation were also investigated. A total of 124 patients receiving standard-of-care treatment were randomized to oral tannin-based supplement or placebo for a total of 14 days. Longitudinal blood and stool samples were collected for cytokine and 16S rDNA microbiome profiling, and results were compared with 53 healthy controls. Although oral tannin supplementation did not result in clinical improvement or significant gut microbiome shifts after 14-days, a reduction in the inflammatory state was evident and significantly correlated with microbiota modulation. Among cytokines measured, MIP-1α was significantly decreased with tannin treatment (p=0.03) where it correlated positively with IL-1ß and TNF- α, and negatively with stool Bifidobacterium abundance.

Deterrent to COVID-19 infection - adopting a Srilankan university research study

This study provides a simple, widely available deterrence medication to minimize COVID-19 infection using by tea and coffee infusions. By mixing white with an equal amount of water, add a small amount of tea/coffee infusion. Dull brownish albumen-tannin complex, a soft precipitate is formed and sinks to the bottom. The infusion should reach the furthest points in the respiratory tract so that a maximum number of viral particles are trapped. It is necessary to hold the infusion rolling about for a little while, 20 seconds in the mouth before swallowing. Gargling with the infusion is better. Tannins in tea or coffee infusions will form complexes with the 4-5 types of viral surface proteins [spikes], rendering them ineffective. Protein-tannin astringent complexation is a fundamental chemical reaction and is bound to act, unlike specific antimetabolites or enzyme-mediated actions of antibiotics. In fact, tannins react to some extent with the cell lining of the mucous membranes of the mouth and stomach. Tannins also chelate iron [Fe] and other metal ions required for many of the metabolic reactions of micro-organisms [viruses?], depriving them of these nutrients and further retarding their propagation. Two gargles per day, 12 hours apart, are recommended to disable the virus and eventually kill it. The procedure disables free viruses before tissue invasion. Therefore, the earlier the gargle commences, the better. Suspected contacts should preferably have three daily eight-hourly gargles. Astringent activity is an added activity of tea and coffee, demonstrated in this study [using E. coli and Salmonella] to that of immune boosting action generally spoken about.

Molecular docking and bioinformatics on meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and cervical anticancer

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a virus that emerged in late 2019 and has yet to find a cure. On the other hand, the incidence of cervical cancer in women continues to increase along with the emergence of cases of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Based on WHO data in 2020 stated that there were 107 per 72,314 cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) is a herbaceous plant in Indonesia that has secondary metabolites derived from the tannin group, such as corilagin. This compound has the potential to be developed as an antiviral and anticancer agent. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the potential of corilagin in meniran herbs to act as an antiviral SARS-CoV-2 and cervical anticancer compared to the drug compounds molnupiravir and paclitaxel through the STITCH & STRING bioinformatics in silico test and molecular docking method. The results of the bioinformatics test of corilagin against the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed predictions of high protein binding to AGTR2 and ENPEP with a docking score of -10.9 and -9.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Meanwhile, cervical cancer cells showed the highest predicted protein binding to IL-10 and MAPK3 with a docking score of -10.5 and -10.8 kcal/mol. The docking score of molnupiravir against the COVID-19 virus protein, AGTR2, and ENPEP were -7.4 and -7.2 kcal/mol, respectively. The docking scores of paclitaxel for IL10 and MAPK3 were -8.2 and -8.9 kcal/mol, respectively. These values indicate that the activity of corilagin with proteins AGTR2, ENPEP, IL10, and MAPK3 has stronger affinity energy than the comparison drugs molnupiravir and paclitaxel. Thus, the corilagin compound from the tannin group in meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) has the potential to be developed and formulated as a treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and cervical anticancer.

Contribution of the herbarium of the national center of floristics of Cote d'Ivoire in the fight against the symptoms caused by the COVID-19 disease: a bibliographic synthesis

This study was undertaken to identify herbal remedies that may be involved in the symptomatic management of COVID-19 disease. From a list of 247 medicinal plants, a bibliographic study was carried out with the richness, the floristic composition, the methods of preparation and use and the active principles of the plants as a variable. The importance value of these plants was also calculated. A Principal Component Analysis showed the links between the parts of plants used, the methods of preparation, the symptoms of COVID-19 disease that can be treated and the active ingredients. The results show that 226 medicinal plants divided into 190 genera and 79 families can be used to treat the symptoms of COVID- 19 disease namely otolaryngologic signs, pulmonary signs and general signs. Of these, twenty-eight (28) can relieve the majority of symptoms of COVID-19 disease. These symptoms are rhinorrhea, cough, fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle aches. These plants are mainly prepared in the form of a decoction and administered mainly orally. They mainly contain flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, saponosides, essential oils, mucilages, quinones, coumarins. The importance value of these plants is between 85.71 and 57.14%. The results also showed that eight (8) groups of medicinal plants can be distinguished according to the organs used, the methods of preparation, the symptoms of the COVID-19 disease treated and the active ingredients. The results of this study could serve as a database for the formulation of improved traditional drugs in the management of symptoms of COVID-19 disease in Cote d'Ivoire.

Phytochemical screening, GCMS profile, and in-silico properties of bioactive compounds in methanolic leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) have been subject of interest since ancient time due to their use in food, industrial and biomedical applications. Research attention has further augmented to explore their phytochemical composition, properties, and potential application in the post-COVID era. In the present study phytochemical screening has been carried out with Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera (MLEMO) followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Phytochemical analysis of MLEMO revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenol, Proteins, Quinones, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins and Terpenoids. Further, GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 41 compounds of which Dihydroxyacetone;Monomethyl malonate;4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro- 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl;1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl);Propanoic acid, 2- methyl-, octyl ester;3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone;Sorbitol;Inositol;Cyclohexanemethanol, alpha-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl), Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl palmitate;n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid);9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester;Phytol;9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid;Octadecanoic acid;9-Octadecenamide were prominent. Most of the compounds in the list are bioactive and possess medicinal properties that are expected to serve as a baseline lead for the development of therapeutic agents.

Retroactive therapy monitoring in the context of the pandemic with Covid-19

Coronavirus diseases, especially infections in the context of the current Covid-19 pandemic, currently make up most of the medical work in the private practice area of internal medicine and general medicine. There is a therapeutic dilemma as to which strategies are successful in prevention and treatment. Regardless of this, therapies for prophylaxis and treatment of infections using strategies from phytotherapy are hardly considered in the general hectic pace. Protective but still experimental strategies suggest that a blockade of specific viral adhesion factors by natural substances can change the viral entry point. This could significantly change both the docking behavior of the virus particles and the disposition to disease. From the field of natural substances, there are many plants that contain a large amount of tannins. These secondary phytonutrients contain so-called proanthocyanidins, hydrolyzable tannins and lamiacene tannins. In particular, proanthocyanidins (green tea, sorrel herb, rockrose herb, etc.) occur frequently in medicinal plants and can be used for prophylaxis and, if necessary, therapy, so that the use of highly concentrated tannin extracts in local therapy can significantly inhibit the docking behavior of viruses. With this knowledge, 125 patients have been in a family doctor's practice (male=68, female=57, average age 54.6 years;diseases: hypertension, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, etc.) since February 2020 for a period of at least 6 weeks treated (Cystus 052 organic throat lozenges 3 x 2, Nisita nasal ointment 2 x daily). Patients were regularly checked clinically using laboratory tests. This collective could be subdivided into a prophylactic group (n=81) of fewer and into a group of highly endangered (n=44) patients (medical staff, nursing staff, fire fighters, rescue services, etc.). In addition to regular temperature measurements by the patients themselves, but also by means of laboratory parameters (blood count, CRP, procalcitonin, etc.), the mode of infection (if infection occurred: yes-no) was checked regularly.

In Vitro Anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Properties of Punica granatum L. Leaves, Bark, and Peel Extracts and Their Main Compounds.

In a search for natural compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, we studied the effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from leaves, bark, and peels of Punica granatum L. for the inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) and integrase (IN) LEDGF-dependent activities. The chemical analyses led to the detection of compounds belonging mainly to the phenolic and flavonoid chemical classes. Ellagic acid, flavones, and triterpenoid molecules were identified in leaves. The bark and peels were characterized by the presence of hydrolyzable tannins, such as punicalins and punicalagins, together with ellagic acid. Among the isolated compounds, the hydrolyzable tannins and ellagic acid showed a very high inhibition (IC50 values ranging from 0.12 to 1.4 µM and 0.065 to 0.09 µM of the RNase H and IN activities, respectively). Of the flavonoids, luteolin and apigenin were found to be able to inhibit RNase H and IN functions (IC50 values in the 3.7-22 µM range), whereas luteolin 7-O-glucoside showed selective activity for HIV-1 IN. In contrast, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid were selective for the HIV-1 RNase H activity. Our results strongly support the potential of non-edible P. granatum organs as a valuable source of anti-HIV-1 compounds.

Tannin Supplementation Improves Oocyte Cytoplasmic Maturation and Subsequent Embryo Development in Pigs.

To investigate the effects of tannins (TA) on porcine oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM), different concentrations of TA (0, 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL) were supplemented with a maturation medium and the COCs and subsequent embryonic development were examined. The results showed that 10 µg/mL TA significantly improved the cumulus expansion index (CEI), cumulus-expansion-related genes (PTGS1, PTGS2, PTX-3, TNFAIP6 and HAS2) expression and blastocyst formation rates after parthenogenetic activation (PA), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) compared to the control groups, but not oocyte nuclear maturation. Nevertheless, 10 µg/mL TA dramatically enhanced the mRNA expression of oocyte-development-related genes (BMP15, GDF9, CDC2 and CYCLIN B1), GSH, ATP, SOD1, PGC1α, BMP15, GDF9 and CDC2 levels and reduced intracellular ROS level in porcine oocytes. These results indicated that porcine oocyte cytoplasmic maturation was improved by 10 µg/mL TA treatment during IVM. In contrast, a high concentration of TA (100 µg/mL) significantly decreased the CEI and PTGS1, PTGS2, PTX-3 and HAS2 mRNA expressions in cumulus cells, and reduced oocyte nuclear maturation and the total cell numbers/blastocyst. In general, these data showed that 10 µg/mL TA supplementation has beneficial effects on oocyte cytoplasmic maturation and subsequent embryonic development in pigs.

Inhibitory Effects and Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Binding Affinities of Dietary Hydrolyzable Tannins and Their Gut Microbial Metabolites on SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitors are considered as potential treatments for coronavirus disease 2019, and dietary polyphenols show promise in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibition based on in silico studies. In the present study, we utilize a combination of biochemical-, surface plasmon resonance-, and docking-based assays to evaluate the inhibition and binding affinities of a series of tannins and their gut microbial metabolites on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The tested compounds (2-50 µM) were hydrolyzable tannins, including ellagitannins (punicalagin and ellagic acid) and gallotannins (tannic acid, pentagalloyl glucose, ginnalin A, and gallic acid), and their gut microbial metabolites, urolithins and pyrogallol, respectively. They inhibited SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (by 6.6-100.0% at 50 µM) and bound directly to the Mpro protein (with dissociation constants from 1.1 × 10-6 to 5.3 × 10-5 M). This study sheds light on the inhibitory effects of tannins and their metabolites on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.

Natural tannin extracts supplementation for COVID-19 patients (TanCOVID): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: This research aims to study the efficacy of tannins co-supplementation on disease duration, severity and clinical symptoms, microbiota composition and inflammatory mediators in SARS-CoV2 patients. TRIAL DESIGN: This is a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate the efficacy of the administration of the dietary supplement ARBOX, a molecular blend of quebracho and chestnut tannins extract and Vit B12, in patients affected by COVID-19. PARTICIPANTS: 18 years of age or older, admitted to Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin, Buenos Aires University (Argentina), meeting the definition of "COVID-19 confirmed case" ( https://www.argentina.gob.ar/salud/coronavirus-COVID-19/definicion-de-caso ). Inclusion Criteria Participants are eligible to be included in the study if the following criteria apply: 1. Any gender 2. ≥18 years old 3. Informed consent for participation in the study 4. Virological diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (real-time PCR) Exclusion Criteria Participants are excluded from the study if any of the following criteria apply: 1. Pregnant and lactating patients 2. Patients who cannot take oral therapy (with severe cognitive decline, assisted ventilation, or impaired consciousness) 3. Hypersensitivity to polyphenols 4. Patients already in ICU or requiring mechanical ventilation 5. Patients already enrolled in other clinical trials 6. Decline of consent INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Experimental: TREATED ARM Participants will receive a supply of 28 -- 390 mg ARBOX capsules for 14 days. Patients will be supplemented with 2 capsules of ARBOX per day. Placebo Comparator: CONTROL ARM Participants will receive placebo supply for 14 days. The placebo will be administered with the identical dose as described for the test product. All trial participants will receive standard therapy, which includes: Antipyretics or Lopinavir / Ritonavir, Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine, as appropriate (treatment currently recommended by the department of Infectious Diseases of the Hospital de Clínicas that could undergo to modifications). In addition, if necessary: supplemental O2, non-invasive ventilation, antibiotic therapy. MAIN OUTCOMES: Primary Outcome Measures: Time to hospital discharge, defined as the time from first dose of ARBOX to hospital discharge [ Time Frame: Throughout the Study (Day 0 to Day 28) ] Secondary Outcome Measures: 28-day all-cause mortality [ Time Frame: Throughout the Study (Day 0 to Day 28) ]-proportion Invasive ventilation on day 28 [ Time Frame: Throughout the Study (Day 0 to Day 28) ]-proportion Level of inflammation parameters and cytokines [ Time Frame: day 1-14 ] -mean difference Difference in fecal intestinal microbiota composition and intestinal permeability [ Time Frame: day 1-14 ] Negativization of COVID-PCR at day 14 [ Time Frame: day 14 ]-proportion RANDOMIZATION: Potential study participants were screened for eligibility 24 hours prior to study randomization. Patients were randomly assigned via computer-generated random numbering (1:1) to receive standard treatment coupled with tannin or standard treatment plus placebo (control group). BLINDING (MASKING): Study personnel and participants are blinded to the treatment allocation, as both ARBOX and placebo were packed in identical containers. Thus, all the used capsules had identical appearance. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMIZED (SAMPLE SIZE): Considering an alpha error of 5%, a power of 80% a sample size of 70 patients per branch was estimated. 140 patients in total. TRIAL STATUS: The protocol version is number V2, dated May 23, 2020. The first patient, first visit was on June 12, 2020; the recruitment end date was October 6, 2020. The protocol was not submitted earlier because the enrollment of some patients took place after the closure of the recruitment on the clinicaltrials platform. In fact, due to the epidemiological conditions, due to the decrease of the cases in Argentina during the summer period, the recruitment stopped t before reaching the number of 140 patients (as indicated in the webpage). However, since there was a new increase in cases, the enrolment was resumed in order to reach the number of patients initially planned in the protocol. The final participant was recruited on February 14, 2021. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, number: NCT04403646 , registered on May 27th, 2020. FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.

In silico investigation of saponins and tannins as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro).

It is no longer news that a novel strain of coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 is ravaging the health sector worldwide, several attempts have been made to curtail this pandemic via repurposing of old drugs but at the present, available drugs are not adequately effective. Over the years, plant phytochemicals are increasingly becoming alternative sources of antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms of action and limited side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Isolated saponins and tannins were evaluated for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) via Molecular Docking and it was observed that a handsome number of the phytochemicals had binding affinities much better than Remdesivir, Dexamethasone, and N3 inhibitor which were used as the standards in this study. Further investigation of drug-likeness, ADMET profile, PASS profile, oral bioavailability, bioactivity, binding mode, and molecular interactions of these phytochemicals revealed that binding affinity alone is not enough to justify the potency of a molecule in the drug discovery process, as only 4 among the screened compounds passed all the analyses and are identified as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro). This preliminary study thereby recommends Ellagic acid (- 8.4 kcal/mol), Arjunic Acid (- 8.1 kcal/mol), Theasapogenol B (- 8.1 kcal/mol), and Euscaphic Acid (- 8.0 kcal/mol) as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) with better pharmacokinetics and bioavailability compared to Remdesivir which is currently used compassionately.

Antiviral Role of Phenolic Compounds against Dengue Virus: A Review.

Phenolic compounds have been related to multiple biological activities, and the antiviral effect of these compounds has been demonstrated in several viral models of public health concern. In this review, we show the antiviral role of phenolic compounds against dengue virus (DENV), the most widespread arbovirus globally that, after its re-emergence, has caused multiple epidemic outbreaks, especially in the last two years. Twenty phenolic compounds with anti-DENV activity are discussed, including the multiple mechanisms of action, such as those directed against viral particles or viral proteins, host proteins or pathways related to the productive replication viral cycle and the spread of the infection.

Tannins inhibit SARS-CoV-2 through binding with catalytic dyad residues of 3CLpro : An in silico approach with 19 structural different hydrolysable tannins.

Coronavirus epidemic 2019 (COVID-19), instigated by SARS-CoV-2 virus, is recently raising worldwide and inspiring global health worries. The main 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLPro ) enzyme of SARS-CoV-2, which operates its replication, could be used as a medication discovery point. We therefore theoretically studied and docked the effects of 19 hydrolysable tannins on SARS-CoV-2 by assembling with the catalytic dyad residues of its 3CLpro using molecular operating environment (MOE 09). Results discovered that pedunculagin, tercatain, and castalin intensely interacted with the receptor binding site and catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41) of SARS-CoV-2. Our analyses estimated that the top three hits might serve as potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 leading molecules for additional optimization and drug development process to combat COVID-19. This study unleashed that tannins with specific structure could be utilized as natural inhibitors against COVID-19. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The 3CLPro controls SARS-CoV-2 copying and manages its life series, which was targeted in case of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV coronavirus. About 19 hydrolysable tannins were computed against 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2. Pedunculagin, tercatain, and castalin interacted with Cys145 and His41 of SARS-CoV-2-3CLpro . Pedunculagin-SARS-CoV-2-3CLpro remain stable, with no obvious fluctuations. We predicted that the understandings gained in the current research may evidence valued for discovering and unindustrialized innovative natural inhibitors for COVID-19 in the nearby future.